Inferences About Avatars: Sexism, Appropriateness, Anthropomorphism, and the Objectification of Female Virtual Representations[1]
This paper is published by Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication which has a impact factor as high as 3.117. In this paper, in order to find out how virtual representation influence perceptions of message, researchers conducted an investagation on finding out how individuals interpret online images and message online. To conduct this investigation, they made eight virtual representations of women and divided this representation into four conditions and then they recruited 397 participant. Each participant would watch one of four presentations. After that,everyone should also did a questionnaire containing eight different question.
1.Which qualitative method or methods are used in the paper? Which are the benefitsand limitations of using these methods?
Based on the qualitative method, they proposed many hypothesises like "human brains can not tell the differences between offline people and mediated depictions of social entities" and "When perceiving other humans, people must consider intentionality and emotion as well as possible abilities and personality". After proposing these hypothesises,the researchers had a basic "theory" of how to conduct this reseach. Using qualitative method,we could have a pre-conprehension of the objectification of representations of women. Also, By quoting others' theory and proposing hypothesises,authors can also make the article clear and make us know what we will do next. In this way, we'll have a better understanding on the infuence of individual traits like "sexism on the processing of information" and "Anthropomorphism on the processing of information". Whereas, if we just using the qualititave method to analysis some results of researching, it can not be convincing enough in any fields. This time, we need quantitative method to have a better analysis for us. In this way, it would be more convincing.
Based on the qualitative method, they proposed many hypothesises like "human brains can not tell the differences between offline people and mediated depictions of social entities" and "When perceiving other humans, people must consider intentionality and emotion as well as possible abilities and personality". After proposing these hypothesises,the researchers had a basic "theory" of how to conduct this reseach. Using qualitative method,we could have a pre-conprehension of the objectification of representations of women. Also, By quoting others' theory and proposing hypothesises,authors can also make the article clear and make us know what we will do next. In this way, we'll have a better understanding on the infuence of individual traits like "sexism on the processing of information" and "Anthropomorphism on the processing of information". Whereas, if we just using the qualititave method to analysis some results of researching, it can not be convincing enough in any fields. This time, we need quantitative method to have a better analysis for us. In this way, it would be more convincing.
2.What did you learn about qualitative methods from reading the paper?
As for qualitative method, It is useful to propose some hypothesises before the research, which will make the step more clear. We can quote other's theory and we can also propose some new hypothesises based on our empirical experiences. Moreover, we can use the qualitative method to do some interview and compare the consequences from the interview.
As for qualitative method, It is useful to propose some hypothesises before the research, which will make the step more clear. We can quote other's theory and we can also propose some new hypothesises based on our empirical experiences. Moreover, we can use the qualitative method to do some interview and compare the consequences from the interview.
3.Which are the main methodological problems of the study? How could the use of the qualitative method or methods havce been improved?
One of the main methodological problems of this paper is that the author quote too many others' theory in the chapter of "Predicting Attributions of Online Sources". There is little theory made by themselves. They may add some their own points in it. Another problem of this paper is that what information they got from participant only came from questionnaire. There would be much limitation if we did questionnaire only. Instead,they should conduct interview after the questionnaires were finished. From the interview, we could learn more from the participant, which is also good for analyzing the statistic of the questionnaires.
One of the main methodological problems of this paper is that the author quote too many others' theory in the chapter of "Predicting Attributions of Online Sources". There is little theory made by themselves. They may add some their own points in it. Another problem of this paper is that what information they got from participant only came from questionnaire. There would be much limitation if we did questionnaire only. Instead,they should conduct interview after the questionnaires were finished. From the interview, we could learn more from the participant, which is also good for analyzing the statistic of the questionnaires.
The Extended iSelf: The Impact of iPhone Separation on Cognition, Emotion, and Physiology
1.Briefly explain to a first year university student what a case study is.
The case study is "a research strategy which focuses on understanding the dynamics present within single settings.[2]" It combines many different theory-building process. That is to say, case study contains many different cases(single or multiple), large quantity of analysis, datacollection, reseach method (interviews, questionnaires, oberservations), etc. It is striking that the term qualitative and case study have many things in common,and they can convert each other sometimes, but case study is not equal to qualitative method. Case study can contain quantitative method only and both quantitative method and qualitative method. What is intersting is that if you use the case study method to build a theory, you'll find it is frequently to overlap data analysis with datacollection. All in all,case study is a good research strategy which coontains the proceess: Getting Started,Selecting Cases,Crafting Instruments and Protocols, Entering the Field, etc.
The case study is "a research strategy which focuses on understanding the dynamics present within single settings.[2]" It combines many different theory-building process. That is to say, case study contains many different cases(single or multiple), large quantity of analysis, datacollection, reseach method (interviews, questionnaires, oberservations), etc. It is striking that the term qualitative and case study have many things in common,and they can convert each other sometimes, but case study is not equal to qualitative method. Case study can contain quantitative method only and both quantitative method and qualitative method. What is intersting is that if you use the case study method to build a theory, you'll find it is frequently to overlap data analysis with datacollection. All in all,case study is a good research strategy which coontains the proceess: Getting Started,Selecting Cases,Crafting Instruments and Protocols, Entering the Field, etc.
2.Use the "Process of Building Theory from Case Study Research" (Eisenhardt, summarized in Table 1) to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of your selected paper.
I read the paper "The Extended iSelf: The Impact of iPhone Separation on Cognition, Emotion, and Physiology[3]". In this paper, researchers would like to find out the impact when iPhone users are seperated from their phone. Compared with the process of case study, this paper had a good beginning by proposing out the psychosocial Role of the Smart Phone,we believe that phones is becoming the extension of ourself. If we can not answer the phone in time we'll be nervous.Then,this paper sucessfully chosed a case which recruiting iPhone users to do the experiment. As for conducting the experiment, the researchers used the quantitative method to make these participant do questionnaires on which participants expressed their feeling into countable statistics. It is good that the researchers also overlaped data collection and analysis. But on the step of "Enfolding Literature".The author of this paper did not made comparision with conflicting literature. It is kind of deficiency.
I read the paper "The Extended iSelf: The Impact of iPhone Separation on Cognition, Emotion, and Physiology[3]". In this paper, researchers would like to find out the impact when iPhone users are seperated from their phone. Compared with the process of case study, this paper had a good beginning by proposing out the psychosocial Role of the Smart Phone,we believe that phones is becoming the extension of ourself. If we can not answer the phone in time we'll be nervous.Then,this paper sucessfully chosed a case which recruiting iPhone users to do the experiment. As for conducting the experiment, the researchers used the quantitative method to make these participant do questionnaires on which participants expressed their feeling into countable statistics. It is good that the researchers also overlaped data collection and analysis. But on the step of "Enfolding Literature".The author of this paper did not made comparision with conflicting literature. It is kind of deficiency.
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References
[1]Kristine L. Nowak,Jesse Fox,Yerina S. Ranjit Inferences About Avatars: Sexism, Appropriateness, Anthropomorphism, and the Objectification of Female Virtual RepresentationsJournal of Computer-Mediated Communication (8,6,2015),554–569.
[2]Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study Research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550.
[3]Russell B. Clayton,Glenn Leshner,Anthony Almond The Extended iSelf: The Impact of iPhone Separation on Cognition, Emotion, and Physiology (8.1.2015) 119–135
References
[1]Kristine L. Nowak,Jesse Fox,Yerina S. Ranjit Inferences About Avatars: Sexism, Appropriateness, Anthropomorphism, and the Objectification of Female Virtual RepresentationsJournal of Computer-Mediated Communication (8,6,2015),554–569.
[2]Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study Research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550.
[3]Russell B. Clayton,Glenn Leshner,Anthony Almond The Extended iSelf: The Impact of iPhone Separation on Cognition, Emotion, and Physiology (8.1.2015) 119–135
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